Omnidirectional structural color made from metal and dielectric layers

ABSTRACT

A high-chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure is provided. The structure includes a multilayer stack that has a core layer, a dielectric layer extending across the core layer, and an absorber layer extending across the dielectric layer. An interface is present between the dielectric layer and the absorber layer and a near-zero electric field for a first incident electromagnetic wavelength is present at this interface. In addition, a large electric field at a second incident electromagnetic wavelength is present at the interface. As such, the interface allows for high transmission of the first incident electromagnetic wavelength and high absorption of the second incident electromagnetic wavelength such that a narrow band of reflected light is produced by the multilayer stack.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The instant application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/913,402 filed on Jun. 8, 2013.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/913,402 is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/760,699 filed on Feb. 6, 2013, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/021,730 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,063,291) filed on Feb. 5, 2011, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/974,606 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,323,391) filed on Dec. 21, 2010, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/388,395 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,749,881) filed on Feb. 18, 2009, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/837,529 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,903,339) filed on Aug. 12, 2007.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/913,402 is also a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/893,152 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,313,798) filed on Sep. 29, 2010, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/467,656 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,446,666) filed on May 18, 2009.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/913,402 is also a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/793,772 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,736,959) filed on Jun. 4, 2010.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/913,402 is also a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/572,071 filed on Aug. 10, 2012, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/021,730 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,063,291) filed on Feb. 5, 2011, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/793,772 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,736,959) filed on Jun. 4, 2010, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/837,529 filed on Aug. 12, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,903,339).

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/913,402 is also a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/014,398 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,229,140) filed Jan. 26, 2011, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/793,772 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,736,959) filed on Jun. 4, 2010, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/686,861 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,593,728) filed on Jan. 13, 2010, which in turn is a CIP of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/389,256 filed on Feb. 19, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,329,247).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to an omnidirectional structural color, and in particular, to an omnidirectional structural color provided by metal and dielectric layers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pigments made form multilayer structures are known. In addition, pigments that exhibit or provide a high-chroma omnidirectional structural color are also known. However, such prior art pigments have required as many as 39 thin film layers in order to obtain desired color properties. It is appreciated that the costs associated with the production of thin film multilayer pigments is proportional to the number of layers required and the costs associated with the production of high-chroma omnidirectional structural colors using multilayer stacks of dielectric materials can be prohibitive. Therefore, a high-chroma omnidirectional structural color that requires a minimum number of thin film layers would be desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A high-chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure is provided. The structure includes a multilayer stack that has a core layer, which can also be referred to as a reflector layer, a dielectric layer extending across the core layer, and an absorber layer extending across the dielectric layer. An interface is present between the dielectric layer and the absorber layer, and a near-zero electric field for a first incident electromagnetic wavelength and a large electric field at a second incident electromagnetic is present at the interface. As such, the interface allows for high transmission of the first incident electromagnetic wavelength through the interface, through the dielectric layer with reflectance off of the core/reflector layer. However, the interface affords for high absorption of the second incident electromagnetic wavelength. Therefore, the multilayer stack produces or reflects a narrow band of light.

The core layer can have a complex refractive index represented by the expression RI₁=n₁+ik₁ with n₁<<k₁, where RI₁ is the complex refractive index, n₁ is a refractive index of the core layer, k₁ is an extinction coefficient of the core layer, and i is √{square root over (−1)}. In some instances, the core layer is made from silver, aluminum, gold, or alloys thereof and preferably has a thickness between 50 and 200 nanometers (nm).

The dielectric layer has a thickness of less than or equal to twice the quarter wave (QW) of a center wavelength of a desired narrow band of reflected light. In addition, the dielectric layer can be made from titanium oxide, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, silicon oxide, or combinations thereof.

The absorber layer has a complex refractive index in which the refractive index is approximately equal to the extinction coefficient. Such a material includes chromium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, titanium nitride, niobium, cobalt, silicon, germanium, nickel, palladium, vanadium, ferric oxide, and combinations or alloys thereof. In addition, the thickness of the absorber layer is preferably between 5 and 20 nm.

In some instances, the multilayer structure includes another dielectric layer extending across an outer surface of the absorber layer. Also, another absorber layer can be included between the core layer and the first dielectric layer. Such structures provide a high-chroma omnidirectional structural color with a minimum of two layers on a core layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a single dielectric layer on a substrate;

FIG. 2 is high-chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 3 a-3 d are: (a) a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the present invention; (b) a graphical representation of refractive indices for the embodiment shown in (a); (c) a graphical representation of electric field through the thickness of the embodiment shown in (a) for an incident wavelength of 650 nm; and (d) a graphical representation of electric field across the embodiment shown in (a) for an incident wavelength of 400 nm;

FIGS. 4 a-4 d are graphical representations of reflectance versus incident light wavelength for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3(a) when viewed at 0 and 45 degrees and with the embodiment having: (a) having a dielectric layer thickness of 1.5 QW; (b) a dielectric layer thickness of 3 QW; (c) a dielectric layer thickness of 3.6 QW; and (d) a dielectric layer thickness of 6 QW;

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of a comparison between color properties on an a*b* color map for a targeted color area of hue equal to 280;

FIGS. 6 a-6 c are graphical representations for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3(a) illustrating: (a) absorbance versus incident light wavelength for the dielectric layer (L1) and absorber layer (L1) shown in FIG. 2(a); (b) reflectance versus incident light wavelength for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3(a) when viewed at 0 and 45 degrees; and (c) hue and chroma versus incident angle;

FIGS. 7 a-7 d are: (a) a schematic illustration of another embodiment according to the invention; (b) a graphical representation of refractive indices for the structure shown in (a); (c) a graphical representation of electric field through the thickness of the embodiment shown in (a) for an incident light wavelength of 420 nm; and (d) an electric field across the thickness of the embodiment shown in (a) a graphical representation of electric field through the thickness of the embodiment shown in (a) for an incident light wavelength of 560 nm;

FIGS. 8 a-8 c are graphical representations of: (a) reflectance versus incident light wavelength for the embodiment shown in FIG. 7(a) when viewed from 0 and 45 degrees; (b) absorbance versus incident light wavelength for the layers shown in the embodiment of FIG. 7(a); and (c) reflectance versus incident angle of hue and chroma for the embodiment shown in FIG. 7(a);

FIGS. 9 a-9 c are: (a) a schematic illustration of a 5-layer (5L) embodiment according to the present invention; (b) a schematic illustration of a 7-layer (7L) embodiment according to the present invention; and (c) a graphical representation of reflectance versus incident light wavelength for a single Al layered structure (Al Core), an Al Core+ZnS Layer structure (Al Core+ZnS), the 5-layer structure illustrated in (a) and the 7-layer structure illustrated in (b);

FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of a comparison between color properties in an a*b* color map for a target color area of hue equal to 80 for the 5-layer structure shown in FIG. 8(a) having dielectric layer(s) thickness(es) that afford(s) for reflection of the 1^(st) and 2^(nd) harmonics of a desired narrow band of reflected light, the 5-layer structure shown in FIG. 9(a) having dielectric layer(s) thickness(es) that afford(s) for only the 1^(st) harmonic of a desired narrow band of reflected light, and the 7-layer structure shown in FIG. 9(a) having dielectric layer(s) thickness(es) that afford(s) for only the 1^(st) harmonic of a desired narrow band of reflected light;

FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of a comparison between current state of the art multilayer structures and multilayer structures provided by embodiments of the present invention on an a*b* color map; and

FIGS. 12 a-12 b are schematic illustrations of: (a) a 5-layer multilayer structure according to an embodiment of the present invention; and (b) 7-layer multilayer structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A high-chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure is provided. As such, the multilayer structure has use as a paint pigment, a thin film that provides a desired color, and the like.

The high-chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure includes a core layer and a dielectric layer extending across the core layer. In addition, an absorber layer extends across the dielectric layer with an interface therebetween. The thickness of the absorber layer and/or dielectric layer is designed and/or fabricated such that the interface between the two layers exhibits a near-zero electric field at a first incident electromagnetic wavelength and a large electric field at a second incident electromagnetic wavelength—the second incident electromagnetic wavelength not being equal to the first incident electromagnetic wavelength.

It should be appreciated that the near-zero electric field at the interface affords for a high percentage of the first incident electromagnetic wavelength to be transmitted therethrough, whereas the large electric field affords for a high percentage of the second incident electromagnetic wavelength to be absorbed by the interface. In this manner, the multilayer structure reflects a narrow band of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. a narrow reflection band of less than 400 nanometers, less than 300 nanometers, or less than 200 nanometers. In addition, the narrow reflection band has a very low shift of its center wavelength when viewed from different angles, e.g. angles between 0 and 45 degrees, 0 and 60 degrees and/or 0 and 90 degrees.

The core layer is made from a material such that its complex refractive index has a refractive index that is much less than an extinction coefficient for the material where the complex refractive index is represented by the expression RI₁=n₁+ik₁, and n₁ is the refractive index of the core layer material, k1 is the extinction coefficient of the core layer material and i is the square root of −1. Materials that fall within this criterion include silver, aluminum, gold, and alloys thereof. In addition, the thickness of the core layer can be between 10 and 500 nanometers in some instances, between 25 and 300 nanometers in other instances, and between 50 and 200 nanometers in yet other instances.

The dielectric layer has a thickness of less than or equal to twice the quarter wave (2QW) of a center wavelength of the narrow reflection band. In addition, the dielectric layer can be made from a titanium oxide (e.g., TiO₂), magnesium fluoride (e.g., MgF₂), zinc sulfide (e.g., ZnS), hafnium oxide (e.g., HfO₂), niobium oxide (e.g., Nb₂O₅), tantalum oxide (e.g., Ta₂O₅), silicon oxide (e.g., SiO₂), and combinations thereof.

Regarding the absorber layer, a material having a refractive index generally equal to an extinction coefficient for the material is used. Materials that meet this criteria include chromium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, titanium nitride, niobium, cobalt, silicon, germanium, nickel, palladium, vanadium, ferric oxide, and/or alloys or combinations thereof. In some instances, the thickness of the absorber layer is between 5 and 50 nanometers, while in other instances the thickness is between 5 and 20 nanometers.

Regarding the electric field across a thin film structure and a desired thickness of a dielectric layer, and not being bound by theory, FIG. 1 is schematic illustration of a dielectric layer 4 having a total thickness ‘D’, an incremental thickness ‘d’ and an index of refraction ‘n’ on a substrate or core layer 2 having a index of refraction n_(s). Incident light strikes the outer surface 5 of the dielectric layer 4 at angle θ relative to line 6 which is perpendicular to the surface and reflects from the outer surface 5 at the same angle. Incident light is transmitted through the outer surface 5 and into the dielectric layer 4 at an angle θ relative to the line 6 and strikes the surface 3 of substrate layer 2 at an angle θ_(s) as shown in the figure.

For a single dielectric layer, θ_(s)=θ_(F) and the electric filed (E) can be expressed as E(z) when z=d. From Maxwell's equations, the electric field can be expressed for s polarization as:

(d)={u(z),0,0}exp(ikαy)|_(z=d)  (1) and for p polarization as:

$\begin{matrix} {{\overset{\rightharpoonup}{E}(d)} = {{\left\{ {0,{u(z)},{{- \frac{\alpha}{\overset{\sim}{ɛ}(z)}}{v(z)}}} \right\}\mspace{14mu}{\exp\left( {{ik}\;\alpha\; y} \right)}}❘_{z = d}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ where

$k = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}$ and λ is a desired wavelength to be reflected. Also, α=n_(s) sin θ_(s) where ‘s’ corresponds to the substrate in FIG. 1 . As such, |E(d)|² =|u(z)|²exp(2ikαy)|_(z=d)  (3) for s polarization and

$\begin{matrix} {{{{E(d)}}^{2} = {\left\lbrack {{{u(z)}}^{2} + {{\frac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}{v(z)}}}^{2}} \right\rbrack{\exp\left( {2\; i\; k\;\alpha\; y} \right)}}}}_{z = d} & (4) \end{matrix}$ for p polarization.

It is appreciated that variation of the electric field along the Z direction of the dielectric layer 4 can be estimated by calculation of the unknown parameters u(z) and v(z) where it can be shown that:

$\begin{matrix} {\begin{pmatrix} u \\ v \end{pmatrix}_{z = d} = {\begin{pmatrix} {\cos\;\varphi} & {\left( {i/q} \right)\sin\;\varphi} \\ {{iq}\;\sin\;\varphi} & {\cos\;\varphi} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} u \\ v \end{pmatrix}_{{z = 0},{substrate}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

Using the boundary conditions u|_(z=0)=1, v|_(z=0)=q_(s), and the following relations: q _(s) =n _(s) cos θ_(s) for s-polarization  (6) q _(s) =n _(s)/cos θ_(s) for p-polarization  (7) q=n cos θ_(F) for s-polarization  (8) q=n/cos θ_(F) for p-polarization  (9) φ=k·n·d cos(θ_(F))  (10) u(z) and v(z) can be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{{u(z)}❘_{z = d}} = {u❘_{z = 0}{{{\cos\;\varphi} + v}❘_{z = 0}\left( {\frac{i}{q}\sin\;\varphi} \right)}}} \\ {= {{\cos\;\varphi} + {\frac{i.q_{s}}{q}\sin\;\varphi}}} \end{matrix} & (11) \\ {and} & \; \\ \begin{matrix} {{{v(z)}❘_{z = d}} = {{iqu}❘_{z = 0}{{{\sin\;\varphi} + v}❘_{z = 0}{\cos\;\varphi}}}} \\ {= {{{iq}\;\sin\;\varphi} + {q_{s}\;\cos\;\varphi}}} \end{matrix} & (12) \end{matrix}$ Therefore:

$\begin{matrix} {\begin{matrix} {{{E(d)}}^{2} = {\left\lbrack {{\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\frac{q_{s}^{2}}{q^{2}}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right\rbrack e^{2\;{ik}\;{\alpha\gamma}}}} \\ {= {\left\lbrack {{\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\frac{n_{s}^{2}}{n^{2}}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right\rbrack e^{2\;{ik}\;{\alpha\gamma}}}} \end{matrix}\quad} & (13) \end{matrix}$ for s polarization with φ=k·n·d cos(θ_(F)), and:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{{E(d)}}^{2} = \left\lbrack {{\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\frac{n_{s}^{2}}{n^{2}}\sin^{2}\varphi} + {\frac{\alpha^{2}}{n}\left( {{q_{s}^{2}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {q^{2}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \\ {= \left\lbrack {{\left( {1 + \frac{\alpha^{2}q_{s}^{2}}{n}} \right)\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\left( {\frac{n_{s}^{2}}{n^{2}} + \frac{\alpha^{2}q^{2}}{n}} \right)\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right\rbrack} \end{matrix} & (14) \end{matrix}$ for p polarization where:

$\begin{matrix} {\alpha = {{n_{s}\sin\;\theta_{s}} = {n\;\sin\;\theta_{F}}}} & (15) \\ {q_{s} = \frac{n_{s}}{\cos\;\theta_{s}}} & (16) \\ {and} & \; \\ {q_{s} = \frac{n}{\cos\;\theta_{F}}} & (17) \end{matrix}$ Thus for a simple situation where θ_(F)=0 or normal incidence, φ=k·n·d, and α=0:

$\begin{matrix} {{{{E(d)}}^{2}\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} s\text{-}{polarization}} = {{{{E(d)}}^{2}\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} p\text{-}{polarization}} = \left\lbrack {{\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\frac{n_{s}^{2}}{n^{2}}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right\rbrack}} & (18) \\ {\mspace{76mu}{= \left\lbrack {{\cos^{2}\left( {k \cdot n \cdot d} \right)} + {\frac{n_{s}^{2}}{n^{2}}{\sin^{2}\left( {k \cdot n \cdot d} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}} & (19) \end{matrix}$ which allows for the thickness ‘d’ to be solved for when the electric field is zero.

The inventive multilayer structures can include a five layer structure with a central core layer with a pair of dielectric layers on opposite sides of the core layer and a pair of absorber layers extending across an outer surface of the dielectric layers. A seven layer multilayer structure is included in which another pair of dielectric layers extend across outer surfaces of the two absorber layers. A different seven layer structure is included in which the initial five layer structure described above includes a pair of absorber layers that extend between opposite surfaces of the core layer and the dielectric layer. In addition, a nine layer multilayer structure is included in which yet another pair of absorber layers extend between the opposite surfaces of the core layer and the dielectric layer for the seven layer structure described above.

Turning now to FIG. 2 , an embodiment of a high-chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure is shown generally at reference numeral 10. The multilayer structure 10 has a core or reflector layer 100 with a dielectric layer 110 extending across an outer surface 102 of the reflector layer 100. In addition, an absorber layer 120 extends across the dielectric layer 110 with an interface 112 therebetween. As shown in FIG. 2 , incident light is transmitted to and strikes the multilayer structure 10 and reflected light is reflected therefrom.

With reference to FIG. 3 , a specific embodiment is shown in FIG. 3(a) in which the core layer 100 is made from aluminum, the dielectric layer 110 is made from ZnS, and the absorber layer 120 is made from chromium. FIG. 3(b) provides a graph showing the refractive index for the aluminum core layer 100, the ZnS dielectric layer 110, and the chromium absorber layer 120. Also shown in FIG. 3(b) are the thicknesses of the dielectric layer 110 (60 nm) and the absorber layer 120 (5 nm).

FIGS. 3(c) and 3(d) provide a graphical illustration of the electric field (|E|² in %) as a function of the thickness of the multilayer structure shown in FIG. 3(a). As shown in FIGS. 3(c) and 3(d), at a wavelength of 650 nm, a relatively large electric field exists at the interface between the ZnS dielectric layer and the chromium absorber layer. In contrast, at an incident wavelength of 400 nm, the electric field is near-zero at the interface between the ZnS dielectric layer and the chromium absorber layer. For the purposes of the instant disclosure, the term “near-zero” is defined to be less than 25% |E|² in some instances, less than 10% |E|² in other instances, and less than 5% in yet other instances.

It is appreciated from the graphical representations shown in FIGS. 3(c) and 3(d) that wavelengths within the 400 nm region will pass through the interface 112, whereas wavelengths within the 650 nm region will be absorbed at the interface 112. As such, a narrow band of reflected electromagnetic radiation is produced by the multilayer structure 10 by the transmission of electromagnetic radiation in the 400 nm range through the interface 112, through the ZnS dielectric layer 110, reflection from the core layer 100, and subsequent transmission of the reflected electromagnetic radiation through the dielectric layer 110, interface 112, and absorber layer 120. In this manner, a narrow band of reflected light is provided and thus affords for a structural color.

Regarding omnidirectional behavior of the multilayer structure 10, the thickness of the dielectric layer 110 is designed or set such that only the first harmonics of reflected light is provided. In particular, and referring to FIG. 4 , FIG. 4(a) illustrates the reflection characteristics of the multilayer structure 10 when viewed from 0 and 45 degrees and the dielectric layer 110 has a thickness of 1.5 QW of the desired 400 nm wavelength which equates to 67 nm. As shown in FIG. 4(a), and as opposed to FIGS. 4(b)-4(d), only the first harmonics of the reflected narrow band of electromagnetic radiation is provided. In particular, for dielectric layer thicknesses greater than 2 QW, second, third, and fourth harmonics. Therefore, the thickness of the dielectric layer 110 is critical in order to provide an omnidirectional structural color.

Turning now to FIG. 5 , a comparison of color properties for a multilayer structure can be examined using an a*b* color map that uses the CIELAB color space. It is appreciated that the CIELAB color space is a color-opponent space with dimension L* for lightness and a* and b* for the color-opponent dimensions, based on nonlinearly compressed CIE space XYZ color space coordinates. The a* axis is perpendicular to the b* axis and forms the chromaticity plane, the L* axis is perpendicular to the chromaticity plane and the L* axis in combination with the a* and b* axes provide a complete description of the color attributes of an object such as purity, hue and brightness. Using layman's terms, a highly colorful stimulus (color) is seen by the human eye as vivid and intense, while a less colorful stimulus appears more muted, closer to gray. With no “colorfulness” at all, a color is a “neutral” gray and an image with no colorfulness is typically referred to as an image in grayscale or a grayscale image. In addition, three attributes—colorfulness (also known as chroma or saturation), lightness (also known as brightness), and hue—colors can be described.

The color map shown in FIG. 5 has a targeted color area of hue equal to the inverse tangent of (b*/a*)=280. The lines shown in the figure correspond to color travel when viewed from between 0 to 80 degrees. In addition, the lines corresponded to first and second harmonics related to dielectric layer thicknesses of 1.67 QW and 3 QW, respectively. As shown in the figures, the lines corresponding to the first harmonic and 1.67 QW dielectric layer thickness correspond to a lower angular shift of hue and thus a more desired omnidirectional behavior of the multilayer structure.

Referring to FIG. 6 , FIG. 6(a) provides a graphical representation of absorption versus incident electromagnetic radiation wavelength for the dielectric layer 110 and the absorber layer 120. As shown in the figure, the absorber layer 120 has a very low percentage of absorption at an incident wavelength of approximately 400 nm and a very high absorption for incident wavelengths in the 600-700 nm range. In addition, there is a relatively sharp increase in absorption between the 400 nm to 600-700 nm range, which provides a sharp cutoff of light wavelengths passing through the dielectric layer 110 to be reflected by the core layer 100. This sharp cutoff corresponds to the graphical representation shown in FIG. 6(b) in which a narrow band of electromagnetic radiation is reflected in the 400 nm range. FIG. 6(b) also illustrates that there is a very low shift in the center wavelength (400 nm) of the reflected band of electromagnetic radiation when viewed from 0 and 45 degrees. It is appreciated that the narrow band of reflected electromagnetic radiation has a width of less than 200 nm at a location measured at 50% of reflectance compared to the maximum reflectance point/wavelength. In addition, the narrow reflected band has a width of less than 100 nm when measured at 75% of the maximum reflectance for the 400 nm wavelength.

With respect to the hue and chroma of the multilayer structure, FIG. 6(c) illustrates a very small change in the hue and chroma as a function of incident viewing angle. In addition, the chroma is maintained between 58 and 60 for all angles between 0 and 45.

Turning now to FIG. 7 , another embodiment of the present invention is shown at reference numeral 20 in FIG. 7(a). The multilayer structure 20 has a second dielectric layer 130 that extends across an outer surface of the absorber layer 120. FIG. 7(b) provides a graphical representation of the index of refraction for the various layers of the structure 20 whereas FIG. 7(c) illustrates the electric field as a function of the thickness along the structure 20 for an incident wavelength of 420 nm. Finally, FIG. 7(d) provides a graphical representation of the electric field as a function of thickness across the multilayer structure 20 for an incident wavelength of 560 nm. As shown in FIGS. 7(c) and 7(d), the electric field is near-zero for the 420 nm wavelength but is relatively large or high for the 560 nm wavelength. As such, an omnidirectional narrow band of reflected electromagnetic radiation is provided by the multilayer structure 20.

Referring to FIG. 8 , FIG. 8(a) provides a graphical representation of the shift in the center wavelength (400 nm) of the reflected band of electromagnetic radiation from the structure shown in FIG. 9(a) when viewed from 0 and 45 degrees. The absorption versus incident electromagnetic radiation wavelength for the dielectric layer 110 and the absorber layer 120 is shown in FIG. 8(b) and the hue and chroma as a function of viewing angle shown in FIG. 8(c).

Referring now to FIG. 9 , schematic illustrations of two multilayer structures are shown at reference numerals 12 and 22. The multilayer structure 12 shown in FIG. 9(a) is essentially identical to the embodiment 10 discussed above except that there is another dielectric layer 110 a and absorber layer 120 a on an opposite side of the core layer 100. In addition, the multilayer structure 22 shown in FIG. 9(b) is essentially the same as the multilayer structure 20 discussed above except for another dielectric layer 110 a, absorber layer 120 a, and dielectric layer 130 a on an opposite side of the core layer 100. In this manner, the core layer 100 has both external surfaces covered by a multilayer structure.

Referring to the graphical plot shown in FIG. 9(c), reflectance versus incident electromagnetic radiation wavelength is shown for just an aluminum core layer (Al Core), an aluminum core layer plus a ZnS dielectric layer (Al Core+ZnS), a five layer aluminum core plus ZnS plus chromium structure (Al Core+ZnS+Cr (5L)) as shown by embodiment 12, and a seven layer aluminum core plus ZnS plus chromium plus ZnS structure (Al Core+ZnS+Cr+ZnS (7L)) as illustrated by embodiment 22. As shown in the figure, the seven layer structure 22 with the pair of dielectric layers and the absorber layer therebetween provides a more narrow and well defined reflection band of electromagnetic radiation compared to the other structures.

FIG. 10 provides an a*b* color map for a five layer structure that has dielectric thicknesses that afford for second harmonics, a five layer structure that has dielectric thicknesses that afford for only a first harmonic, and a seven layer structure with dielectric layer thicknesses that afford for only a first harmonic. As shown by the dotted circle in the figure which represents the target color area, the lines correspond to the seven layer structure with the first harmonic correspond to lower angular shift of hue when compared to the lines representing the other structures.

A comparison of current state of the art layered structures, two five layer structures that have a dielectric layer with an optical thickness of greater than 3 QW (hereafter referred to as 5 layer>3 QW) and a seven layer structure having at least one dielectric layer with an optical thickness of less than 2 QW (hereafter referred to as 7 layer<2 QW structure) and produced or simulated according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown on an a*b* color map in FIG. 11 . As shown in the figure, the current state of the art structures and 5 layer>3 QW structures are greatly improved upon by the 7 layer<2 QW structure disclosed herein. In particular, the chroma (C*=√{square root over (a²+b²)}) is greater for the 7 layer<2 QW structure than for the 5 layer>3 QW structure. In addition, the hue shift (Δθ) is approximately half for the 7 layer<2 QW structure (Δθ₁) compared to the 5 layer>3 QW structure (Δθ₂).

Table 1 below shows numerical data for the 5 layer>3 QW and 7 layer<2 QW structures. It is appreciated that those skilled in the art recognize that a 1 or 2 point increase in chroma (C*) is a significant increase with a 2 point increase being visually recognizable to the human eye. As such, the 6.02 point increase (16.1% increase) exhibited by the 7 layer<2 QW structure is exceptional. In addition, the hue shift for the 7 layer<2 QW structure (15° is approximately half the hue shift of the 5 layer>3 QW structure (29°. Thus given the approximately equal lightness (L*) between the two structures, the 7 layer<2 QW structure provides a significant and unexpected increase in color properties compared to prior art structures.

TABLE 1 Property 5 layer (>3 QW) 7 Layer (<2 QW) L* 36.03 36.85 C* 37.42 43.44 Hue 279°   281°   Color Shift 29°  15° 

Another embodiment of a high chroma omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure is shown generally at reference numeral 14 in FIG. 12(a). The multilayer structure 14 is similar to the embodiment 10 except for additional absorber layers 105 and 105 a between the reflector layer 100 and the dielectric layers 110 and 110 a, respectively. Another embodiment is shown at reference numeral 24 in FIG. 12(b) which is similar to embodiment 20 except for the addition of the absorber layers 105, 105 a between the reflector or core layer 100 and the dielectric layers 110, 110 a, respectively.

Pigments from such multilayer structures can be manufactured as a coating on a web with a sacrificial layer having subsequent layers of materials deposited thereon using any kind of deposition method or process known to those skilled in the art including electron-beam deposition, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel processing, layer-by-layer processing, and the like. Once the multilayer structure has been deposited onto the sacrificial layer, freestanding flakes having a surface dimension on the order of 20 microns and a thickness dimension on the order of 0.3-1.5 microns can be obtained by removing the sacrificial layer and grinding the remaining multilayer structure into flakes. Once the flakes have been obtained, they are mixed with polymeric materials such as binders, additives, and base coat resins to prepare omnidirectional structural color paint.

The omnidirectional structural color paint has a minimum color change with a hue shift of less than 30 degrees. Such a minimum hue shift should be appreciated to appear to be omnidirectional to a human eye. The definition of hue as tan⁻¹(b*/a*) where a* and b* are color coordinates in the lab color system.

In summary, the omnidirectional structural color pigment has a reflector or core layer, one or two dielectric layers, and one or two absorber layers with at least one of the dielectric layers having a typical width greater than 0.1 QW but less than or equal to 2 QW where the control wavelength is determined by the target wavelength at the peak reflectance in the visible spectrum. In addition, the peak reflectance is for the first harmonic reflectance peak. In some instances, the width of the one or more dielectric layers is greater than 0.5 QW and less than 2 QW. In other instances, the width of one or more dielectric layers is greater than 0.5 QW and less than 1.8 QW.

The above examples and embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and changes, modifications, and the like will be apparent to those skilled in the art and yet still fall within the scope of the invention. As such, the scope of the invention is defined by the claims. 

We claim:
 1. An omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure comprising: a core layer; a dielectric layer extending across the core layer; and a tungsten absorber layer extending across the dielectric layer with an interface therebetween, wherein the multilayer structure has a single narrow reflection band of less than 400 nanometers when viewed from angles between 0 and 45 degrees, and the interface between the dielectric layer and the tungsten absorber layer has a near-zero electric field at a first incident electromagnetic wavelength and a large electric field at a second incident electromagnetic wavelength, the second incident electromagnetic wavelength not equal to the first incident electromagnetic wavelength.
 2. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the core layer is aluminum.
 3. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the core layer has a thickness between 50 and 200 nm.
 4. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer is titanium dioxide.
 5. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 2 quarter wave (QW) of a center wavelength of a narrow reflection band.
 6. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the tungsten absorber layer has a thickness between 5 and 20 nm.
 7. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure consists essentially of: an aluminum core layer; a titanium dioxide dielectric layer extending across the core layer; and a tungsten absorber layer extending across the dielectric layer with an interface therebetween.
 8. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 1, wherein the omnidirectional structural color has a hue shift of less than 30 degrees.
 9. An omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure comprising: a core layer; a dielectric layer extending across the core layer; a tungsten absorber layer extending across the dielectric layer with an interface therebetween; and a second dielectric layer extending across the tungsten absorber layer with a second interface therebetween, wherein the multilayer structure has a single narrow reflection band of less than 400 nanometers when viewed from angles between 0 and 45 degrees, and the interface between the dielectric layer and the tungsten absorber layer has a near-zero electric field at a first incident electromagnetic wavelength and a large electric field at a second incident electromagnetic wavelength, the second incident electromagnetic wavelength not equal to the first incident electromagnetic wavelength.
 10. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the core layer is aluminum.
 11. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the dielectric layer is titanium dioxide.
 12. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the second dielectric layer is titanium dioxide.
 13. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the core layer has a thickness between 50 and 200 nm.
 14. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the dielectric layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 2 quarter wave (QW) of a center wavelength of a narrow reflection band.
 15. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the tungsten absorber layer has a thickness between 5 and 20 nm.
 16. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the second dielectric layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 2 quarter wave (QW) of a center wavelength of a narrow reflection band.
 17. The omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure of claim 9, wherein the omnidirectional structural color multilayer structure consists essentially of: an aluminum core layer; a titanium dioxide dielectric layer extending across the core layer; a tungsten absorber layer extending across the titanium dioxide dielectric layer with an interface therebetween; and a second titanium dioxide dielectric layer extending across the tungsten absorber layer with a second interface therebetween. 